Latin Finance turned to Turan Corporation’s experience and the Riches Among the Ruins blog for analysis on the struggle between Lulismo and Chavismo in Latin America.

Brazil’s election is looming, with the electorate divided between Lula’s hand-picked successor Dilma Roussef and the Sao Paulo state governor, Jose Serra.

My latest op-ed for the Providence Journal is now available online. I discuss the crisis in Greece and the lessons it holds for the United States.

Read it online at Projo.com, and join the discussion there!

International headlines have recently focused on Greece, one of the 16 countries in the European Union whose currency is the euro.

Greece is in danger of defaulting on its national debt. The reasons are obvious: too much spending and not enough tax collection. The Greek budget deficit reaches 12.7 percent of its gross domestic product and its national debt represents 113 percent of GDP. These numbers are worryingly similar to our own balance sheet, with debt equal to 73 percent of our GDP (but growing fast) and budget deficits at 10.6 percent.

Greece’s potential default has sent shockwaves through global bond and stock markets, which could end up equaling or even dwarfing our subprime housing and banking crisis. As a result, the U.S. dollar has strengthened against the euro and the interest buyers demand on Greek bonds has gone up. A few other E.U. countries, perhaps most notably Spain and Portugal, are also in trouble because of their uncontrolled borrowing and spending.

Read more…

A quick note: I’ve been slated to speak at a gathering of the New York Society of Security Analysts on April 21, 2010. The location hasn’t been determined yet, but I know that I’ll be discussing my book,  business exploits, and the future of the financial world.

Further details to come.

www.richesamongtheruins.com/events/

Brazil now has two major rivers; the Amazon, which flows out through the northern rainforest, and the even more torrential flow of foreign capital. In an effort to stem the flood, which is driving the value of the Brazilian currency, the real, to record highs, Brazil has instituted two separate taxes on foreign investment. The first was a 2% tax on foreign exchange inflows, and the second, instituted a few months ago, taxes Brazilian stocks traded as American Depository Receipts, or ADRs, in US stock markets.

Obviously, Brazil worries that if its currency continues to appreciate, export-driven businesses will find it difficult to compete. The other concern is that if conditions turn for the worse, investors will scramble to pull their money out of the economy, sending it into free-fall, as happened with many of the Asian economies in 1997.

Perhaps the most important determinant of Brazil’s market and currency is the rate of US Treasuries and Chinese interest rates. With the carry-trade funding so much of Brazil’s recent economic ascent, even a mild uptick in US interest rates could cause significant movements out of Brazilian equities, debt, and the real. As long as it’s cheap to borrow in the US and domestic returns are low, Brazil will continue to soak up a lot of portfolio investment. It is, in many ways, the star of the rush to the BRICs and other emerging-markets – more fully developed and less exposed to geopolitical instability than India, possessed of similar resources and better-governed than Russia, and far more transparent than China.

Despite this, their fates are intertwined – China and Brazil are particularly inextricable, since the latter supplies many of the raw materials for the former’s infrastructure projects. Recent signals that China would trim capital spending and raise rates sent the value of Brazilian assets plummeting along with the real.

Nouriel Roubini has identified a “global carry trade” in emerging market assets. Short-term interest rates in the developed world hover around 0%. Investors, in the US, for instance, are seeking returns that they can’t find domestically. For the past 8 or 9 months, they essentially borrowed for free at home and then bought commodities, emerging market stocks and bonds, and anything else that promised a decent return. The upside has been huge surges in foreign assets; the BOVESPA, Brazil’s main stock index, has doubled since the depths of the crisis in March.

If any doubt remained about Brazil’s new prominence on the financial landscape, it was likely swept away by two pieces of news in the past year. The first was Brazil’s offer to loan almost $10 bn to the IMF. Recall that in 2002, the IMF prepared a $30 bn loan in case the ascension of leftist President Luiz Inacio da Silva somehow caused financial chaos or capital flight. For Brazil, a serial debtor frequently afflicted in the past with crippling inflation, loaning to the IMF is a big step into the room with the world’s economic heavy hitters.

A recent piece of news is the revelation that Citibank approached Brazil during the deepest part of the global meltdown and asked the Brazilian government to buy as much as 30% of the company. The news that Brazil received this offer – and declined it – has shocked quite a few observers around the world.

Did Citi’s directors prefer the political implications of being bought by a foreign government to receiving more federal aid from the US? Do they have more faith in the hands on the tiller in Brasilia than those in private equity? Or were they simply desperate and out of options?

Whatever the reason, Brazil is definitely on track to emerge from its developing nation status. Even its recent protectionism seems to be receding. Brazil’s Minister of Finance, Guido Mantega announced that Brazil was done – for now – with its currency and investment controls. This amounts to an admission of defeat, or at the very least a stalemate. Either the measures proved ineffective at stemming the flow of money into the country, or the government fears that excessive interference with the financial industry will break the nation’s carefully rebuilt reputation for fiscal responsibility and liberalization. It is a sign of the times in Brazil that Henrique Meirelles, Governor of the Central Bank, is dropping hints about a presidential bid in the next election. He would likely take on the centrist Governor of Sao Paulo Jose Serra, and Lula’s hand-picked successor and electoral favorite, Chief of Staff Dilma Roussef.

Brazil’s outlook is generally positive, but the recent correction downwards is not entirely unfounded. Overall, however, it is the best-positioned of the emerging market nations to scramble on to the center of the global economic stage. With the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics in the pipeline, eyes will be on Brazil for a while yet.

A few days ago, Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez devalued the bolivar. This comes as no surprise. As I wrote in this space in November,

Buffeted by the fall in oil prices and high inflation, there are signs that the Venezuelan economy, and with it Chavez himself, is almost certainly going to implode. He may be able to buy time with various measures to stabilize his currency (the bolivar), such as the sale of dollar-denominated bonds to those willing to risk the investment, but the long-term outlook for the economy is dim…

Inflation is the highest in Western hemisphere, officially around 30%, but likely higher. All this drives demand for a more stable currency such as the dollar. The recent issuance of dollar-denominated Venezuelan bonds, purchasable in bolivars, is intended to soak up the demand for dollars and allow the purchaser to obtain a rate somewhere between the official and the parallel market rate. The big question, of course, is whether Venezuela can make good on the promise…

This weekend, Chavez devalued the bolivar right on cue, sending the people of Venezuela scrambling to buy goods which will spike in price once the measures take effect. The country actually has two exchange rates now – one of 4.3 bolivars/dollar, close to current black market rates, and the other subsidized at 2.6/dollar. The second rate applies to a few classes of goods deemed necessary for the country, including heavy industrial equipment, food and medicine, reported Reuters.

As usual, this will create privileged class of well-connected cronies who snag contracts to buy at 2.6 and sell at 4.3. This has been a recurring problem with the current CADIVI (the government office which controls foreign exchange policy in Venezuela) regime, and it remains a serious criticism of Venezuela’s tightly managed currency regime. Dual exchange rates have a long and ignominious history in Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina. Indeed, Venezuela used to have a body called RECADI in the 1990’s, which established preferential exchange rates to strengthen certain sectors of the economy. As the black market adjusts to the new system and people strive to take advantage of the difference in rates, Chavez will find that the dual rate is not a sustainable system.

The move will benefit certain politically and economically vital industries, said several Venezuelan officials. State oil company PDVSA will get relief from stagnant oil prices, as each barrel of oil sold in dollars yields more local currency with which to pay many of its outstanding debts. Export industries like coffee will find their competitiveness increasing as Venezuelan exports become cheaper.

Chavez’s popularity may take a hit as prices rise. Indeed, the president has threatened to deploy the army in order to shut down and seize the stocks of speculators seeking to take advantage of price differences and shortages, according to the Financial Times. “Go ahead and speculate if you want, but we will take your business away and give it to the workers, to the people,” the British financial paper quoted him as saying.

At this time last year, Chavez did not even acknowledge the existence of a parallel market in the bolivar. For him to now create a dual-rate exchange scheme set near the level of that same black market deals a serious blow to the regime’s credibility and confidence.

Control of his planned economy is slipping through Chavez’s fingers. Eventually, he may realize that trying to strangle private enterprise and market forces will simply delay the inevitable. Hopefully, that realization comes before the country suffers too much more, as Venezuela faces a long and painful road back to economic health no matter what it does.

Global Finance magazine sought me out for comment in their latest issue. The article discussed the state of global credit markets and the significant distortions introduced by massive monetary expansion and stimulus.

Some analysts say government stimulus packages could prove to be a double-edged sword. “Injecting massive monetary stimulus into the world economy is like taking huge doses of anabolic steroids into your body; expect urges to take risks that you would not normally take, and to have some body parts shrink, while others bulge,” says Robert Smith, founder and managing director of Turan Corporation in Boston and author, along with Peter Zheutlin, of Riches Among the Ruins: Adventures in the Dark Corners of the Global Economy. He says shrinking body parts are a metaphor for the US dollar, while commodity prices, high-coupon currencies, debt and equity prices, and Chinese real estate represent the bulges.

“Investors, crazed by monetary steroids, are playing Russian roulette with a pistol loaded with duration and credit risk. Investors are crawling out farther and farther on the yield curve looking for higher yields; they are taking greater and greater credit risks just to get a few hundred basis points above the paltry yields of US treasuries,” says Smith. He points to access to international bond markets by El Salvador, Angola, Nigeria and Vietnam, and the expected market return this year by Russia at just a few percentage points above US treasuries, as proof.

Overconfidence in the liquidity and creditworthiness of emerging markets led to minor panics in places like Greece and Dubai, as investors suddenly realized they had overestimated the security of those investments. It remains to be seen how long surging asset values can continue, but central bank interest rates will surely be a key factor.

I’m pleased to announce that Audible.com has released Riches Among the Ruins in audiobook form. It’s available for 7.95 with a subscription to Audible, or at the full cover price, and Audible will deliver it in the digital media format of your choice.

So if you prefer to get your books in the car or through your MP3 player, this is definitely the format for you. Check it out, and let me know what you think!

A few tidbits from this weekend. First, the social stuff – the NYPost ran a brief about the comedian Jackie Mason, who graciously accepted my invitation to perform at my 70th birthday this year.

I also ran into Massachusetts Senator John Kerry at an event, pictured here admiring Riches Among the Ruins.

Finally, and more substantively, Barron’s ran quite an in-depth piece on Riches Among the Ruins, Turan Corporation and myself. It goes into my work at Turan with Saleh Daher, and we discuss how to make money in a market with very few bargains.

Unfortunately, registration is necessary – but worthwhile!

Two weeks ago, I wrote about the debt crisis in Dubai. The markets convulsed on news that Dubai World, the huge state-owned corporation which runs many of Dubai’s buildings and investments, might delay or default on its debt payments.

This week creditors, and markets, were relieved to hear that Abu Dhabi, the richest emirate and heart of the federal government of the United Arab Emirates, would bail out Dubai World to the tune of $10 bn and enable Nakheel PJSC, the real estate subsidiary, to pay back a $4 bn sukuk or Islamic bond.

Just as I predicted, Dubai World was too big to fail. The fallout from a default would have poisoned markets across the region and probably irreparably damaged the U.A.E.’s already tainted reputation. Authorities described the Nakheel sukuk as a linchpin of the ongoing debt negotiations, saying ““The whole capital structure was a web of cross-defaults – the only way to calm this was to pay off the sukuk.”

Anyone who bought the sukuk maturing on December 14 when it hit rock bottom at about 48 cents on the dollar made a tidy sum today as it jumped as high as 109.5 on the dollar. Nakheel was widely expected to enter into bankruptcy.

Dubai has always been the public face of the emirate while Abu Dhabi has always held an outsize portion of the oil revenues and thus, the emirates’ wealth. No doubt there will be a degree of control re-asserted over Dubai, although it’s difficult to say what that will entail – more conservative fiscal, religious, and social policies and priorities seem likely.

The city-state also pledged to push for “transparency, good governance and market principles” and passed a new bankruptcy proceedings law.

For now, it looks like Dubai World’s fat has been pulled from the fire. We’ll see how things develop as more of the debts come due.

As an alumnus of Bowdoin, I’ve worked with them a few times and spoken about my work and writing. Here’s a nice profile they ran in their Fall 2009 magazine.

Bowdoin: Is it still necessary for investors like yourself to visit these countries like you did?

Smith: Let me compare it to the CIA gathering intelligence. They’re big on the technical stuff, the satellites and intercepting code and phone messages. But, where they’ve always fallen on the ground is their human intelligence, human intel. I believe that you have to be on the ground speaking to as many people as possible, asking the embarrassing questions to government officials and executives as to where the country is going, what they’re doing, what the economic plan is. It’s similar to applying for admission into Bowdoin, to get an idea of what the College is all about. You can read all the catalogs, listen to all the videos and the promo material that they send out, but unless you are on campus getting a feel and talking to some of the students and professors, you really don’t have an idea of what Bowdoin is all about.